Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, employing nearly half of the country’s workforce. Despite its significance, farmers in India face multiple socio-economic, environmental, and institutional challenges that hinder agricultural productivity and threaten livelihoods. This paper examines the issues and challenges faced by farmers in India, including small and fragmented landholdings, indebtedness, price fluctuations, inadequate irrigation, climate change, and limited access to institutional credit and markets. The study uses a mixed-method research approach combining secondary data analysis and field insights from published surveys. The paper aims to highlight the structural constraints of Indian agriculture and propose policy interventions for improving farmers’ socio-economic conditions.