This research provides a comprehensive international benchmarking analysis of biodiversity governance, focusing on the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol. As a landmark agreement under the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Nagoya Protocol is crucial for global efforts to preserve and sustainably use biological diversity. The study employs a case study approach to evaluate the effectiveness, challenges, and innovative practices in biodiversity governance across South Africa, France, India, and Peru. By examining these diverse legal, socio-economic, and environmental contexts, the research offers insights into the successes and limitations of current practices, contributing valuable knowledge to the ongoing discourse on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. The research underscores the complex interplay between international norms and domestic policy-making in environmental governance. It critically analyzes how international agreements like the Nagoya Protocol influence national strategies, local actions, and community engagements in biodiversity conservation. The findings highlight the importance of international cooperation and the need for adaptive and inclusive governance models that resonate with local realities and needs. This study aims to inform policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders involved in biodiversity governance by providing a thorough analysis of global best practices. It seeks to foster a deeper understanding of effective strategies for implementing international environmental agreements, particularly in enhancing equitable access and benefit-sharing mechanisms central to the ethos of the Nagoya Protocol. By identifying best practices and governance trends, the study proposes concrete areas for improvement in biodiversity governance. It emphasizes the need for robust legislative frameworks, effective multi-stakeholder coordination, centralized biodiversity-related information, and comprehensive territorial coverage of institutions involved in biodiversity preservation.