<p>The increasing population of stray and wild animals in India has emerged as a significant challenge, impacting public health, biodiversity, and animal welfare. India is home to the largest stray dog population globally, with numbers doubling from 35 million in 2020 to 60&ndash;65 million by 2023, alongside increasing stray cat and wildlife populations. This overabundance contributes to road accidents, crop and livestock losses, zoonotic disease transmission, and escalating human&ndash;animal conflicts. Due to these growing issues, it is essential to control the population of these animals effectively and humanely.&nbsp; Traditional population control methods such as culling and poisoning are often ineffective, ethically contentious, and unsustainable. Fertility control presents a humane and long-term alternative, with promising approaches including surgical sterilisation, immunocontraception, hormonal regulation, gene silencing, chemical sterilants, and targeted cytotoxin delivery. Non-surgical methods, such as vaccines against GnRH, zona pellucida, or sperm antigens, as well as innovative gene-silencing techniques using siRNA delivered via hypothalamus-targeting viral vectors and herbal contraceptives, have shown efficacy in suppressing reproductive functions. Emerging technologies like AMH transgene therapy, rotational immunocontraception, and targeted contraceptive vaccines offer species-specific, reversible, and minimally invasive solutions. While challenges remain in cost, logistics, and long-term efficacy, advancing fertility control strategies tailored to species and ecological contexts holds great potential for reducing human&ndash;animal conflicts, mitigating zoonotic risks, and preserving ecological balance humanely and sustainably.</p>