<p>Biomedical waste (BMW) management has emerged as a critical public health and environmental priority due to the rapid expansion of healthcare infrastructure, increased use of disposable medical supplies, and stricter regulatory frameworks. Traditional government-operated waste systems often face constraints related to infrastructure, funding, technical expertise, monitoring, and scalability. In this context, Public&ndash;Private Partnership (PPP) models have gained importance as collaborative governance mechanisms that combine public oversight with private sector efficiency, innovation, and operational capacity. This study examines PPP models in biomedical waste services with a focus on operational efficiency, compliance performance, cost optimization, technology adoption, and stakeholder satisfaction.</p>

<p>The research uses a quantitative design supported by a structured dataset of 300 healthcare units representing public, private, and PPP-managed biomedical waste systems. Variables include hospital size, waste generation rate, cost per kilogram of treatment, compliance score, segregation efficiency, staff training index, digital tracking usage, incident rate, and satisfaction score. Statistical tools including correlation, multiple regression, and hypothesis testing were applied to evaluate relationships between PPP adoption and biomedical waste performance indicators. Results indicate that PPP-operated biomedical waste services demonstrate higher compliance scores, better segregation practices, lower incident rates, and stronger digital tracking adoption compared to purely public systems. Regression analysis shows that staff training, digital tracking, and PPP contract duration significantly predict compliance performance and satisfaction outcomes. Correlation analysis reveals a strong positive relationship between training index and segregation score, and a negative relationship between digital tracking and incident rate. Cost per kilogram is moderately higher in PPP systems but associated with improved compliance and lower risk exposure, suggesting value-based efficiency rather than simple cost minimization. The findings support the argument that PPP models improve service reliability, regulatory adherence, and monitoring transparency in biomedical waste management. However, effectiveness depends on contract design, performance-based payment mechanisms, monitoring systems, and regulatory enforcement. Limitations include simulated cross-sectional data and lack of field-level qualitative inputs. Future research should integrate longitudinal performance data and policy comparisons across regions. The study concludes that PPP frameworks, when properly structured and regulated, offer a sustainable and scalable pathway for strengthening biomedical waste services, reducing environmental hazards, and improving healthcare safety outcomes.</p>