The nanomaterials play crucial roles in the sciences due to their unique physical and chemical properties, for instance, electrical, mechanical, structural, and conductivity properties. The graphene oxide (GO) and graphene have good characteristic between different types of nanomaterials and a plethora application due to their properties. The best method used for preparing nanomaterials is electrochemical exfoliation, that prefer over other methods for the preparation of nanomaterial that because economical, faster than other methods, has less crystal size and not complicated methods eco-friendly method for creating superior graphene-based products. For the identification of graphene and graphene oxide (GO), different techniques were used: X-ray diffraction (XRD) for studying the phases and measuring the crystal size, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for study three-dimensional image of nanomaterials, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for study morphological, all techniques are discussed. Biological activity is one of the key uses for graphene and graphene oxide, with special focus on its antibacterial behaviour, bio interactions, oxidative activity in biology, cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility. To provide useful insights for the logical design of graphene-based materials for upcoming biological and environmental applications, this review attempts to provide an integrated knowledge regarding the interaction between synthesis techniques, material properties, and biological activity.
Electrochemical Exfoliation; XRD; Nanomaterials; Surface Morphology; Biomedical Applications.
. Electrochemical Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Graphene and Graphene Oxide: A Comprehensive Review. Indian Journal of Modern Research and Reviews. 2026; 4(1):169-176
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